58 research outputs found
Communication-Efficient On-Device Machine Learning: Federated Distillation and Augmentation under Non-IID Private Data
On-device machine learning (ML) enables the training process to exploit a
massive amount of user-generated private data samples. To enjoy this benefit,
inter-device communication overhead should be minimized. With this end, we
propose federated distillation (FD), a distributed model training algorithm
whose communication payload size is much smaller than a benchmark scheme,
federated learning (FL), particularly when the model size is large. Moreover,
user-generated data samples are likely to become non-IID across devices, which
commonly degrades the performance compared to the case with an IID dataset. To
cope with this, we propose federated augmentation (FAug), where each device
collectively trains a generative model, and thereby augments its local data
towards yielding an IID dataset. Empirical studies demonstrate that FD with
FAug yields around 26x less communication overhead while achieving 95-98% test
accuracy compared to FL.Comment: presented at the 32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing
Systems (NIPS 2018), 2nd Workshop on Machine Learning on the Phone and other
Consumer Devices (MLPCD 2), Montr\'eal, Canad
SplitAMC: Split Learning for Robust Automatic Modulation Classification
Automatic modulation classification (AMC) is a technology that identifies a
modulation scheme without prior signal information and plays a vital role in
various applications, including cognitive radio and link adaptation. With the
development of deep learning (DL), DL-based AMC methods have emerged, while
most of them focus on reducing computational complexity in a centralized
structure. This centralized learning-based AMC (CentAMC) violates data privacy
in the aspect of direct transmission of client-side raw data. Federated
learning-based AMC (FedeAMC) can bypass this issue by exchanging model
parameters, but causes large resultant latency and client-side computational
load. Moreover, both CentAMC and FedeAMC are vulnerable to large-scale noise
occured in the wireless channel between the client and the server. To this end,
we develop a novel AMC method based on a split learning (SL) framework, coined
SplitAMC, that can achieve high accuracy even in poor channel conditions, while
guaranteeing data privacy and low latency. In SplitAMC, each client can benefit
from data privacy leakage by exchanging smashed data and its gradient instead
of raw data, and has robustness to noise with the help of high scale of smashed
data. Numerical evaluations validate that SplitAMC outperforms CentAMC and
FedeAMC in terms of accuracy for all SNRs as well as latency.Comment: to be presented at IEEE VTC2023-Sprin
Recent advances in label-free imaging and quantification techniques for the study of lipid droplets in cells
Lipid droplets (LDs), once considered mere storage depots for lipids, have
gained recognition for their intricate roles in cellular processes, including
metabolism, membrane trafficking, and disease states like obesity and cancer.
This review explores label-free imaging techniques' applications in LD
research. We discuss holotomography and vibrational spectroscopic microscopy,
emphasizing their potential for studying LDs without molecular labels, and we
highlight the growing integration of artificial intelligence. Clinical
applications in disease diagnosis and therapy are also considered
Hexa: Self-Improving for Knowledge-Grounded Dialogue System
A common practice in knowledge-grounded dialogue generation is to explicitly
utilize intermediate steps (e.g., web-search, memory retrieval) with modular
approaches. However, data for such steps are often inaccessible compared to
those of dialogue responses as they are unobservable in an ordinary dialogue.
To fill in the absence of these data, we develop a self-improving method to
improve the generative performances of intermediate steps without the ground
truth data. In particular, we propose a novel bootstrapping scheme with a
guided prompt and a modified loss function to enhance the diversity of
appropriate self-generated responses. Through experiments on various benchmark
datasets, we empirically demonstrate that our method successfully leverages a
self-improving mechanism in generating intermediate and final responses and
improves the performances on the task of knowledge-grounded dialogue
generation
A job analysis of care helpers
The aim of this study was to examine the roles of care helpers through job analysis. To do this, this study used the Developing A Curriculum Method (DACUM) to classify job content and a multi-dimensional study design was applied to identify roles and create a job description by looking into the appropriateness, significance, frequency, and difficulty of job content as identified through workshops and cross-sectional surveys conducted for appropriateness verification. A total of 418 care helpers working in nursing facilities and community senior service facilities across the country were surveyed. The collected data were analyzed using PASW 18.0 software. Six duties and 18 tasks were identified based on the job model. Most tasks were found to be "important task", scoring 4.0 points or above. Physical care duties, elimination care, position changing and movement assistance, feeding assistance, and safety care were identified as high frequency tasks. The most difficult tasks were emergency prevention, early detection, and speedy reporting. A summary of the job of care helpers is providing physical, emotional, housekeeping, and daily activity assistance to elderly patients with problems in independently undertaking daily activities due to physical or mental causes in long-term care facilities or at the client's home. The results of this study suggest a task-focused examination, optimizing the content of the current standard teaching materials authorized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare while supplementing some content which was identified as task elements but not included in the current teaching materials and fully reflecting the actual frequency and difficulty of tasks
Analysis of abnormal muscle activities in patients with loss of cervical lordosis: a cross-sectional study
Background
This study aimed to detect the differences in cervical muscle activation patterns in people with versus without cervical lordosis and explore the possible mechanism of cervical pain originating therein.
Methods
This cross-sectional design included 39 participants without and 18 with normal cervical lordosis. Muscular activation was measured for 5 s in both groups using surface electromyography. Subsequently, the root mean square (RMS) of muscle amplitude was obtained at the bilateral splenius capitis, upper and lower parts of the splenius cervicis, upper and lower parts of the semispinalis cervicis, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, and rhomboid muscles in five cervical positions: 0° (resting), 30° of flexion, 30° of extension, 60° of extension, and upon a 1-kg load on the head in a resting posture.
Results
The RMS values of the upper trapezius muscle at all postures and the rhomboid muscles at 60° of extension were significantly lower in the loss of lordosis than control group. Comparing the RMS ratio of each posture to the resting position, the ratio of the upper trapezius at flexion was significantly higher and that of the rhomboids at 60° of extension and upon loading was significantly lower in the loss of lordosis than control group. Moreover, the pattern changes in the RMS values according to posture showed a similar shape in these two muscles, and lower in the loss of lordosis than the normal group.
Conclusions
The loss of normal cervical alignment may correlate with predisposed conditions such as reduced muscle activation of the trapezius and rhomboid muscle, and may also provoke over-firing of the upper trapezius muscle, possibly increasing neck musculoskeletal pain.
Trial registration.
Clinicaltrials.gov, registration number: NCT03710785.This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI18C1169
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